Thirdly, the humanitarian and rights revolutions that are associated with decreases in violent practices such as torture, decreases in religion and race-based violence, as well as a decrease in abuse against ethnic minorities, women and children.
Secondly, the civilising process that is associated with increases in urbanisation and industrialisation. These shifts include, f irstly, the pacification process that is associated with societies transitioning from hunter-gatherer to state-run societies. Introductionġ Stephen Pinker (2011) puts forward an interesting theory that several historical shifts in society have contributed to a decline in violence over time. We acknowledge comments received at a brown bag seminar in Pretoria, the ERSA Workshop on Longitudinal Data in African History in Stellenbosch, the African Econometric Society Meeting in Lusaka, the Biennial Conference of the Economic Society of South Africa in Cape Town, the CSAE Conference for Economic Development in Africa at Oxford University and the Geneva Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Global South Workshop at Peking University. We also disaggregate conflict into intrastate and interstate and find that the intrastate conflict is significantly reduced by globalisation processes as compared to interstate conflict. The influence of social interactions through increased migration, commerce and access to information encourages tolerance and raises the opportunity cost of conflict. Furthermore, we find that social globalisation, which is associated with the historical shifts, drives the results. The results suggest that the historical shifts removed boundaries between territories and created incentives that discouraged hostility. We use panel data from 46 sub-Saharan African countries dated 1970 to 2013 and find that increased globalisation significantly reduces conflict. We regard these shifts as processes encompassed in globalisation and investigate the effects of globalisation on conflict, one of the forms of violence Pinker (2011) discusses. Stephen Pinker (2011) advances that various forms of violence, such as homicide, rape, torture and conflict, have decreased over time because of the following historical shifts in society: the pacification process, civilising process, humanitarian and rights revolutions and extended periods of peace.
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